第3讲　　　　　　　　　　　　　 翻译技巧(2) 

五、转换

1、词类转换

（一）英语名词、介词、形容词或副词转换为汉语动词
The cultivation of a hobby and new forms of interest is therefore a policy of first importance to a public man. 因此，对于一个从事社会活动的人来讲，培养一种爱好和新的情趣方式，乃是至关重要的对策。
All were unconscious that this experience was a test of character; and, when the first excitement was over, felt that they had done well, and deserved praise. 大家都没有认识到这番经验却是一次个性的考验，最初的兴奋过去以后，又觉得自己已经干得不错了，理应受到赞扬。
He appeared at her side, breathing audibly, a moment after she reached the stop. She gazed ahead, rigid. 她到车站不一会儿，他便出现在她的身旁，听见他喘息的声音。她凝视着前方，表情严峻。
Yet to both classes the need of an alternative outlook, of a change of atmosphere, of a diversion of effort, is essential. 然而，对所有这两种类型的人来说，变换一下看法、改变一下环境和转换一下注意力都是最基本的需要。
(6) …and it was on the first stage of this journey, in Kenya, that she received the news of her father's death and her own accession to the throne. ……就在此行的第一站肯尼亚，她接到了父亲去世并由她本人继承王位的消息。

（二）英语动词、副词转换为汉语名词、形容词
(1) The inflammation is characterized by red, swelling, fever, and pain. 炎症的特点是红、肿、热、痛。
(2) The visiting guests were escorted to the YellowCraneTower last Sunday. 上星期天，来访的客人和陪同人员一起参观了黄鹤楼。
(3) Our government shows great concern for the Chinese residents abroad. 我国政府十分关心海外华侨。
(4) Formality has always characterized their relationship. 他们之间的关系，有一个特点，就是以礼相待。
(5) Most US spy satellites are designed to burn up in the earth's atmosphere after completing their missions. 美国绝大多数间谍卫星，按其设计，是在完成使命后，在大气层中焚毁。
（三）英语名词转换为汉语形容词、副词
(1) He added: "I understand and respect those views, but I deeply believe in the correctness of my decision." 他还说："我理解并尊重他们的看法，但我深信我的决定是正确的。"
(2) They came back game and glee. 他们兴高采烈地回来了。

 

2、句子成分转换

You can always tell the somebodies from the nobodies at a cocktail party. The somebodies come late. 在鸡尾酒会上人们常常可以看出大人物和无名小卒来。那些迟到的就是大人物。

With the fear of largely imaginary plots against his leadership, his self-confidence seemed totally to desert him. 由于害怕有人阴谋推翻他的领导，他似乎完全丧失了自信。但所谓的阴谋在很大程度上是他自己假想出来的。

Cheerful, efficient and warm-hearted, they will do everything to make your journey smooth and comfortable. 他们乐观、能干、热情，总是想方设法使你一路上顺利舒适。

Her presence of mind had not completely deserted her; but she could not have trusted herself to speak. 她还没有完全失去镇静，一时却又找不出话可说。

This is the unexpected kind of remark that makes me like the colonel; there is a touch of rough poetry about him. 正是这种出人意料的言论使我喜欢上了上校。他这个人还有那么点诗意呢。

3、表达方式转换

（一）A dozen and a half aero planes poured out into the airport during that five minutes. 那5分钟内，有18架飞机涌进了机场。

Four score and seven years ago our fathers brought forth on this continent a new nation. 87年前，我们的先辈在这个大陆上创建了一个新的国家。

They had a dozen children, six boys and six girls, in seventeen years. 在17年中，他们生了12个孩子，6男6女。

（二）She has been a widow only for six months. 她丈夫死了至今才不过半年。
──Is there a special rate by the month? ──Yes, there is a 10% discount.
　  ──按月计算有什么优惠吗？ ──有，可以打9折。

 

4、自然语序与倒装语序转换
Away ran the boy.男孩跑开了。
Slowly climbs the summer moon.夏天的月亮慢慢地爬上来了

5、正面表达与反面表达转换
　 （一）英语正面表达转换为汉语反面表达
frost-free refrigerator无霜冰箱 Freeze! 别动！Wet paint! 油漆未干！mortally ill 不治之症
The proposal was carried by a very narrow margin. 这项建议差点通不过。
We believe that the younger generation will prove worthy of our trust. 我们相信，年轻一代将不会辜负我们的信任。
He went to an outdoor phone booth and dialed Chicago, then New York, then San Francisco. Silence. Silence. Silence. 他到一个户外公用电话亭，先给芝加哥、又给纽约、旧金山打了电话。没有回音。没有回音。没有回音。
As he sipped his coffee, he opened a still damp morning paper; and began reading. 他一面喝咖啡，一面翻开油墨未干的晨报，看了起来。
Father's attitude toward anybody who wasn't his kind used to puzzle me. 以前我总不懂父亲为什么对那些脾气跟他不一样的人采取那么个态度。
Sadly, Edward died before he could see the new church, but his beautiful tomb is still there, with the tombs of the Kings and Queens of England who came after him. 遗憾的是，爱德华未能看见新教堂就去世了，但他那幽雅的坟墓和嗣后的英国国王王后的坟墓还都留在那里。
（二）英语反面表达转换为汉语正面表达
You can't be too careful. 你要特别小心。
Such flights couldn't long escape notice. 这类飞行迟早会被人发觉的。
Maintaining credibility requires confronting potential adversaries with the objective, unambiguous facts of our counter-balancing military capabilities, our political strengths and economic advantages, and our clear resolution to use these for our defense if necessary. 保持这种可靠性需要以下客观的、明确的事实来对付潜在的对手：我们达到平衡的军事能力、我们的政治实力和经济优势以及我们必要时使用这些手段进行自卫的毫不含糊的决心。

 

6、主动式与被动式转换

（一）被动转换为主动
Heat is constantly produced by the body as a result of muscular and cellular activity. 由于肌肉和细胞活动的结果，身体不断地产生热。
In a moment he will turn and see us, and his face will be lighted by a smile so radiant you'll feel warm all the way through..过一会儿他会转过身来看着我们，那时他脸上会泛出灿烂的微笑，让你全身都感到温暖。
With the development of speech, the number of occasions producing sudden experiences of pleasure increased, and since laughter was closely associated with speech, man had this means of expressing his pleasure. 随着说话的发展，产生突然感受愉快的机会增多了，并且，由于笑与说话密切相关，人类就有了这种表达愉快的手段。

 

当然有时英语被动语态翻译成汉语时仍可用被动句式，例如：
The visitor was flattered and impressed.客人受宠若惊，深为感动。
（二）主动转换为被动
(1) His acceptance into the Party is a quite natural thing. 他被吸收到党内是完全应该的。
(2) Appalled by what he had done, Bob rushed to the parapet and flung himself on the rocks below, where the sea claimed him immediately.鲍勃对他所做的一切感到震惊，他冲到护墙处，纵身跳到下面的岩石上，立即被大海所吞没。

7、分句转换

They felt that it was much easier and safer to rob their own people, for they knew that white policemen never really searched diligently for Negroes who committed crimes against other Negroes.他们觉得抢劫他们的同种人要安全得多，因为他们知道，如果黑人侵犯的是黑人，白人警察便从来不认真搜捕。

Her great grief in this relation was that her only child, on whose education no expense had been and would be spared, was now old enough to perceive these deficiencies in his mother. 这一方面给她造成了极大的苦闷，也就是有关她的独生子的问题。虽然过去和今后在儿子的教育费用上既不曾也不会省掉什么钱，然而如今他的年纪已经不小，能注意他母亲的这些缺点了。

 

六、归化

as timid as a hare 胆小如鼠　 at a stone's throw一箭之遥 wet like a drown rat 湿如落汤鸡
as stupid as a goose 蠢得像猪　 as stubborn as a mule 犟得像牛 seek a hare in a hen's nest 缘木求鱼　 lead a dog's life 过着牛马一样的生活　 cry up wine and sell vinegar 挂羊头，卖狗肉 put back the clock 开倒车　 talk horse 吹牛 　kill the goose that lays the golden eggs 杀鸡取卵 drink like a fish 牛饮
Once the wife of a parson, always the wife of a parson. 嫁鸡随鸡，嫁狗随狗。
One boy is a boy, two boys half a boy, three boys no boy. 一个和尚挑水吃，两个和尚抬水吃，三个和尚没水吃。
Everybody said how well the new Secretary was doing, but old Mr. Carr said shortly, "Yes. New brooms sweep clean." 人人都说新任秘书干得好，但卡尔老先生却简慢地说："新官上任三把火。"
Among the blind the one-eyed man is King. 山中无老虎，猴子称霸王。
Last night I heard him driving his pig to market.  昨夜我听到他鼾声如雷。
They will be ice-skating in hell the day, when I vote the aid for them. 要我投票赞成给他们援助，除非太阳从西边出来。
He was so fond of talking that his comrades nicknamed him "magpie". 他特别爱唠叨,同伴们给他起了个 "麻雀"的外号.
I'm a diplomat, a linguist, altogether a bespectacled cream puff. 我是个外交官，一个语言学家，总而言之，是个戴眼镜的银样邋枪头。

当然，采用归化时,要避免走极端。不要用汉语民族文化色彩太浓的词来归化英语习语, 否则译文会让人感觉不伦不类。如：
(1) Beauty lies in lover's eyes. 情人眼里出美人.
(2) Many heads are better than one. 一人不及众人计.
(3) Never offer to teach fish to swim. 不要教鱼儿游泳.

七、切分

切分是指把英语中的长句分解成两个或两个以上的句子。它常包括单词分译、短语分译和句子分译等三种情况。

（一）单词分译
(1)We recognize that China's long-term modernization program understandably and necessarily emphasizes economic growth. 我们认识到，中国的长期现代化计划以发展经济为重点，这是可以理解的，也是必要的。
(2) Then and there he named the startled general lying wounded on his cot the new Commander in Chief of the Air force… 他就在当时当地任命这位躺在榻上治伤的将军为空军总司令，使这位将军吃了一惊。
(4) Yet it is painfully apparent that millions of American who would never think of themselves as law-breakers, let alone criminals, are taking increasing liberties with the legal codes that are designed to protect and nourish their society. 显然，数百万美国人从来没有想过自己会违法，更不用说犯罪了，而就是他们正在越来越肆意歪曲旨在保护和培育这个社会的法律条文，这真令人痛心。
(5) At present people have a tendency to choose the safety of the middle-ground reply. 现在，人们都倾向于采取不偏不倚的态度来回答问题，因为它安全，不招风险。
(6) Auntie Julia vainly asked each of her neighbors in turn to tell her what Gabriel had said. 朱利亚姨妈接连向坐在旁边的人打听加布里埃尔刚才说了些什么，却没有问出个所以然来。

（二）短语分译
The military is forbidden to kill the vessel, a relatively easy task. 上峰严禁军方击毁这艘潜艇，虽然要击毁它并不怎么费事。
(3) Invitingly green AngelIsland, once a military installation, contains meandering trails and picnic spots ideal for a day's excursion. 迷人的天使岛郁郁葱葱，小径蜿蜒，是一日游的理想野餐场所。但在过去它却是一个军事基地。

（三）句子分译
A. 简单句的分译
(1) Daybreak comes with thick mist and drizzle. 黎明时分，大雾弥漫，细雨蒙蒙。
(2) But another round of war in the region clearly would put strains on international relations.但是，如果该地区再次发生战争，显然会使国际关系处于紧张状态。

B. 并列复合句的分译
(1) I sat with his wife in their living room, looking out the glass doors to the backyards, and there was Allen's pool, still covered with black plastic that had been stretched across it for winter.
我跟他妻子一起坐在他们家的起居室里，望着玻璃门外的后院。后院里有阿伦的游泳池，上面还盖着过冬时铺上去的黑色塑料蓬。
(2) On her once familiar street, as in any unused channel, an unfamiliar queerness had silted up; a cat wove itself in and out of railings, but no human eye watched Mrs Drover's return. 走在一度熟悉的大街上，就像在一条没有人走过的道路上一样，她心里充满了从未有过的新奇。一只猫在栏杆那儿绕来绕去，但是没有人留意特罗弗太太回来。
(3) The entire cable-car system recently got an overhaul after more than a century of operations, so you are on firm ground even if the streets seem to be tilting beneath you. 在运行了一个世纪之后，最近对整个缆车系统进行了彻底检修。所以即使你觉得街道似乎在下面倾斜，你在缆车上仍很安全。
C. 主从复合句的分译
(1) One day, while out on the bleak moors, Pip is startled by a hulking, menacing man who threatens him if he does not bring him some food immediately. 匹普外出在阴冷的荒原上游荡时，一个魁梧、凶狠的男子把他吓了一跳。这个男子威胁他，让他立即为他送些食物来。
(2) All this had come to an end in 1905 when the medical mission was dissolved and several of Mother's colleagues were killed in the uprising. 1905年，这一切都宣布结束了。在一次暴动中，妈妈的几个同事牺牲了，医疗队也解散了。

D. 其他情况的分译
有些长句的翻译得根据具体情况、意群的分布等进行灵活处理，合理进行切分，使译文层次分明，观点明确。例如：
(1) Suddenly the door bursts open and the Time Traveler appears, dirty, disheveled, and bedraggled, with a nasty cut on his chin. 突然，门猛然开了，时间旅行家出现。他十分肮脏，衣冠不整，满身是泥，下巴颏被严重划伤。
(2) The boy and the woman were already seated by spread table-cloth when the man came down to them, dressed in his business suit and vest and tie and hat as if he expected to meet someone along the way. 等到男人走过来时，女人和孩子早已挨着地上铺开的桌布边坐好了。男人身穿上班的套装和背心，系着领带，戴着帽子，似乎估计路上会遇到什么人似的。

 

八、合并

（一）简单句与简单句的合并
(1) She is intelligent, ambitious and hard-working. She is also good at solving problems. 她很有才智、雄心勃勃、工作努力，还善于解决问题。
(2) The door was unlocked. She went inside and sat in a stupor. She was near collapse, barely able to move her swollen feet. 门没锁上，她走了进去，呆呆地坐了下来，极度的衰弱几乎使她无力挪动她那红肿的双脚。
(3) I pulled up a chair and sat down. I sat with my legs wide apart at first. But this struck me as being irreverent and too familiar. So I put my knees together and let my hands rest loosely on them. 我把椅子挪过去坐下，开始两脚分开，但我突然觉得这样显得不尊重，太不拘礼节，便把两膝并拢，把双手随便地放在膝盖上。
（二）复合句的合并
(1) We are going to have to be prepared to operate with people who are nuts. 我们将不得不应付那些难对付的家伙。
(2) And he found himself trying to suppress a bitterness that was soul-destroying. 他发现自己在竭力抑制损伤灵魂的苦涩。
(3) Many people have married whose chances to do so were much inferior to Miss Martha's. 许多条件远不如玛莎的人都已结了婚。
(4) The diagnosis seems in every case to correspond exactly with all the sensations that I have ever felt. 每次看病的诊断似乎都和我所有的感觉完全相符。