第6讲 英语科技论文写作
通常来讲，研究生和博士后经过多次反复试验，得到一些好的结果。接下来需要对得到的数据进行总结和分析，写成论文。一篇精写的论文更容易被高档杂志接受。而写得不好的论文很可能被退稿。论文的数量和质量是学生和导师事业发展的敲门砖。不成文，便成仁，是学术生涯的写照。
很多学生以为当结果到手的时候研究就结束了。他们写的草稿，常常把原始数据放在一起，没有对方法和数据进行详细分析，没有对当今论文的评述。事实上，写作是研究不可分割的一部分。此刻是弄懂方法的成功与失败，寻找结果的解释及其隐含的意义，以及与其他相关研究进行比较的时候。
为什么需要在写作上如此认真努力？原因很简单。一个研究结果只有在被别人使用时才有意义。而想被别人使用，文章必须能引起其他科学家的兴趣，而且得保证其他人能看懂并可以重复和再现你的结果。只有可以被理解的研究才会被重复，也只有可以被再现的工作才能导致别人的引用和跟踪。而你的论文被引用的数量常常用来衡量研究的影响力。写作就象是把你的工作成果推销给其他的科学家。
为了更好的推销，科学论文必须满足它独特的顾客：由聪明能干的科学家组成的尖端读者。它必须能先说服（通常也是竞争对手的）同行们，因为他们的评审是文章在发表前的第一道关口。同时，它也必须满足一般读者的要求。为了达到这个目标，我们首先要理解他们需要什么。
一、读者需要什么
写文章的时候应该力求简单到可以被新手理解，同时深刻到可以引起专家的兴趣。 所有的科学家（不论是学生还是他们的导师)往往都很忙。大量期刊杂志使他们不可能仔细阅读每一篇论文。他们通常希望能在最短时间内找到文章最重要的信息。典型的情况是如果文章标题不吸引人，他们或许就会跳过这篇论文，如果文章的摘要没有包含重要的新方法或新结果，他们不会去读这篇文章。即使已经决定要读的论文，他们也会跳过很多段落直接去找自己最感兴趣的地方。因此，保证文章的结构能使读者很快找到所需的信息非常重要。文章的关键在于结构，不在于语法。语法错误易改，结构错误则往往让人无从下手，不知所云。一些同行的论文，结构问题很常见。 总之，一篇文章只有在不需太多努力就可以理解的情况下才会被广泛地引用。文章清晰的关键就是使读者能在他们想找的地方找到他们需要的东西。
二、读者期望什么
读者对句子的期望
1. 读者希望在句子的开始看到熟悉的信息。句子是文章的最小功能单元。最容易理解的句子是整句都在说读者知道的东西。但这对科技论文是不可能的，因为只有新的东西才会被发表。事实上科技论文通常会包含很多新术语。所以一个容易理解的句子应该从读者熟悉的信息（或刚刚提过的）开始而以新信息结束，并在它们之间平滑地过渡。好文章的所有句子都应该这样从旧到新地平滑过渡。帮助你写好一句开头的金科玉律是问问你自己：“我以前有没有提过这个概念？”大多数文章很难读是因为很多新概念在没有被介绍之前就使用了。
The accuracy of the model structures is given by TM-score. In case of a perfect match to experimental structure, TM-score would be.
修改如下：The accuracy of the model structures is measured by TM-score, which is equal to 1 if there is a perfect match to the experimental structure.
2. 读者想在主语之后立刻看到行为动词。对一个说明谁在做什么的句子，读者需要找到动词才能理解。如果动词和主语之间相隔太远，阅读就会被寻找动词打断。而打断阅读就会使句子难以理解。
尽量避免过长的主语和过短的宾语。这就像头重脚轻的人很难站稳。短的主语紧跟着动词加上长的宾语效果会更好。
3. 读者期望每句只有一个重点，这个重点通常在句尾。
The enthalpy of hydrogen bond formation between the nucleoside bases 2-deoxyguanosine (dG) and 2-deoxycytidine (dC) has been determined by direct measurement.
We have directly measured the enthalpy of hydrogen bond formation between the nucleoside bases 2-deoxyguanosine (dG) and 2-deoxycytidine (dC).
总之，句尾是读者对该句最后的印象。把最好的，最重要的，和想要读者记住的东西放在句尾。
读者对段落的期望
每一个段落都应该只讲一个故事。在一段里表述多个观点会使读者很难知道该记住什么、这段想表达什么。一段的第一句要告诉读者这一段是讲什么的。这样读者想跳过这段就可以跳过。一段的最后一句应该是这段的结论或者告诉读者下一段是什么。段落中的句子应该由始到终通过逻辑关系连接，实现由旧信息到新信息的流动。看下面这个例子：
Large earthquakes along a given fault segment do not occur at random intervals because it takes time to accumulate the strain energy for the rupture. The rates at which tectonic plates move and accumulate strain at their boundaries are approximately uniform. Therefore, in first approximation, one may expect that large ruptures of the same fault segment will occur at approximately constant time intervals. If subsequent main shocks have different amounts of slip across the fault, then the recurrence time may vary, and the basic idea of periodic main shocks must be modified.
更清晰的描述应该如下：
Large earthquakes along a given fault segment do not occur at random intervals because it takes time to accumulate the strain energy for the rupture. The rates of strain accumulation at the boundaries of tectonic plates are approximately uniform. Therefore, nearly constant time intervals (at first approximation) would be expected between large ruptures of the same fault segment. [However?], the recurrence time may vary; the basic idea of periodic main shocks may need to be modified if subsequent main shocks have different amounts of slip across the fault.
写文章的目的不是去测试读者的阅读能力，而是考验作者的表达能力。不能怪人没看懂，只能怪自己没写清楚。
读者对表格和图示的期望
一些没有耐心的读者会直接通过图表来判断一篇文章是否值得一读。怎样能使读者不需读正文就能理解图表是至关重要的。
对于表来说，由于我们是从左向右阅读的，我们熟悉的信息应该出现在左边而新的信息出现在右边。
审稿人要什么?
文章在发表前必须经过审稿人的评审。他们一般是相关领域的专家甚至是你的竞争者。他们会尽力寻找你文章中的毛病。有时，由于不同的观点和竞争的需要，审稿人或许会试图阻止你的文章发表。因此，文章必须写得理由充足。在被别人挑剔之前，自己必须首先鸡蛋里挑骨头，预先回答审稿人的可能质疑。
怎样满足审稿人？
1). 只提出“一”个中心命题。
2). 在这个中心命题的基础上，用一个迷人(但决不能夸张)的标题来吸引审稿人的兴趣。
3). 合理解释每一个参数，合理说明每一个步骤。
4). 问问你自己是否提供了足够重复你工作的所有细节。
5). 必须有说服力！
6). 引用所有重要的研究工作，特别是经典力作。写作的时候要再做全面文献检索。
三、文章的结构
典型的科学论文包括标题，摘要，引言，方法/实验步骤，结果，讨论，感谢，和参考文献。这样的结构是用来帮助读者快速找到他们感兴趣的信息。一般论文是从摘要，引言开始，这里建议从方法和结果部分开始写。
方法/实验步骤
如果文章是关于新的方法，技术，或算法，要非常详细地写它的新颖之处。要用有逻辑的、合理的方式来描述它。这会帮助读者抓住新方法的要领。如果这个方法使用参数，则要把每一个参数(或参数的取值)合理化，或者是以前用过的，或者可以从物理或数学推导出来，或者通过了广泛的测试及优化。如果无法保证它的合理性，那就必须描述改变它会造成的影响(实际的结果应该在结果部分或讨论部分，方法部分仅包含影响的描述)。
对于新方法的发展，你同样需要设计不同的方法来测试。
结果部分
当你开始写结果部分时，先考虑一下结果的意义。也就是说，你理解你的结果吗？这些结果是不是告诉了你更深刻的东西？你能从很多不同角度来理解结果吗？你能设计证明或者反驳你的一些解释的新测试吗？ 它可以在不同的条件下重复吗？它是否改进了现有的方法？这篇文章最有意义的一个观点是什么？确定这篇文章的中心命题之后要组织所有的段落来证明、支持它，用数据(有必要的话再加数据)来证明它。同时也要排除其他可能性。放弃与中心命题无关的数据，即使这些数据是很辛苦得来的。
Results：Usually, this part is composed of three parts:
An introduction to the results, usu. through a chart or a table; summarize the results; comments on the results and the inferences from them.
In introducing the results, researchers should supplement his chart or table with necessary explanation, such as the tendencies, significance, implications readers can infer from it. We will use verbs like show, display, depict, summarize, etc to explain the contents in the table or chart. The present tense is often used.
When the author summarize the results, the past tense is often is used. The only exception is that the author thinks his conclusion holds true in all situations. Sometimes the author needs to comment on his results. His comments usually include: the author’s inference based on his results, explanation of the results or the reasons for them, comparison between the author’s results and those of similar research, the agreement of the theoretical model and the data of the experiment, comparison of the author’s method and that of others, etc.
The tense in the explanation of or comment on the results is decided by the contents explained or commented. Usually, the present tense is used. Besides, the author might use modal verbs such as “may” or “can” to make his conclusion less certain.
标题
当你有了中心命题之后，就该决定文章的标题了。标题可以为你的方法，你的结果或结果的隐含意义做广告。文章的标题一般只有一句。应该把最重要，最吸引人的信息放进标题。用既广泛又具体的标题，这样才能吸引更多的读者。
引言部分
中心命题和标题都决定了以后，就该写引言了。第一件该做的事就是围绕中心命题来收集所有相关文献。搜索并研究所有最近和相关的文章(通过对中心命题关键字的搜索或用引用索引)。确认你有所有最新的论文。仔细读你所引用的文章，避免引用错误。
引言的第一句最难写，因为它决定了你整个引言的走向。一个办法是把第一句和文章的标题连起来。在第一段以最基本和常见的术语来定义标题里用的一些术语。从这个术语，引入研究的领域和它的重要性。第二段应该对这个研究领域作一个鉴定性的论述。第三段引入你提出的办法和它大致会带来什么效果。一个引言应该包括研究领域的介绍和意义，做这工作的具体原因，结果和隐含的意义。一般而言，读者读完引言，对论文的来龙去脉就应该清清楚楚了。
Introduction
An introduction may cover: problems needing perfection or further research; new problems appeared; problems stemming from the past controversial views; new applications of the previous research, etc. When we need to point out the problems in the previous research or studies, we have to indicate this after literature review, usually with the conjunction like however. We could adopt sentence patterns as follows:
Few studies have been done (carried out; performed; published; devoted to; dedicated to; investigated) …
eg: Few studies have been devoted to the research on the population density.
Sometimes we can use a sentence of contrast to show that studies in one area might be enough, however, in another, insufficient. Take for example, we could write out the following expression:
Many researchers have investigated the load deformation of the bridge, but few of them have devoted their attention to it in freezing weather.
Of course, other words indicating contrast can be adopted as well, such as: however, yet, despite, in spite of, etc.
Elaboration on the research goal
To specify it, we could adopt the words mention in writing abstracts, such as goal, purpose, aim, objective, etc. Typical sentence pattern is The aim/purpose/goal/objective of the research/study/experiment… is to… . Meanwhile, the author might well omit this pattern and imply his goal in other sentences, such as description of research theme.
Mention the value of the research
In the field of science and technology, the author usually needs to point out the value of his research, theoretical or practical. This is also true for the doctoral dissertation. Structures like:
our research can help clarify…;
the results of our experiment can be applied to…;
our study can be of great value to…;
our investigation will prove valuable to …; etc.
Sometimes this step can be combined with the step above.
Structure of the paper
In the doctoral dissertation, this part is usually indispensable. However, to see if it is necessary in a paper, the author needs to refer to the rules of the magazines by themselves. If is necessary, the following structure can be adopted:
The structure of the paper goes like this:…. /
The structure of the paper is as follows:…
The structure of the paper is like the following….
The paper can be divided into the following parts/sections/chapters…
In brief, the paper takes the following structure…
Usually, sentences in this part will use the present tense.
讨论部分
现在到了你写论文的最后一部分。很多人认为讨论部分最难写。他们常常不知道该写什么。学生常常不能把结果从他们的解释，含意和结论中分离出来。此外，他们不善于思考可能存在的其他解释。好的讨论通常以得到的结果和解释的评论开始。其它可用于讨论的内容有：参数改变对结果的影响，与其他研究相比还有待解决的问题，将来或正在进行的工作（防止别人从事你显而易见的，立刻就能实现的后续工作)。
摘要部分
整篇文章写完了。你需要写文章的摘要了。典型的摘要包括课题领域的重要性（回到标题)，要研究的问题，你的方法的独特性，结果的意义和影响。前两句陈述问题。第三句提出解决办法。这些句子后面跟着结果。整个摘要以总结收尾。
总结体会
1. 认真对待写作。尽最大努力花时间写作。它是科学研究的重要一环。
2. 除非这个研究是全面彻底的，而且你试了所有可以支持你结论的方法，否则不要去发表。
3. 重新思考，并合理解释为什么做这项工作，做了什么，什么是最重要的发现？为什么用这个方法？为什么用这些参数？什么是以前做过的（更新文献搜索)？不同在什么地方？
4. 要从批判的角度来看你的工作。只有理顺和理解结果，文章才会更有意义。
5. 要能回答所有合理的质疑。
6. 不要隐藏任何事实，不做假，不要低估其他科学家的智慧。
7. 从头（标题）到尾（结论或讨论）要从旧信息过渡到新信息。永远不要在句子的开头引入新信息。
8. 段首要有阐明整段主题的句子，在段尾要有连到下段的过渡句。从标题到结论都要连贯。句句相扣，段段相连，让一篇论文是一个整体而不是杂乱无章地把句子堆积在一起。
9. 写，重写，再重写。没有人能第一次就写好。
四、几种写作方法
1. Consolidate all the information. Ensure you have everything you need to write efficiently, i.e., all data, references, drafts of tables and figures, etc.
2. Target a journal. Determine the journal to which you plan to submit your manuscript and write your manuscript according to the focus of the targeted journal. The focus may be clearly stated within the journal or may be determined by examining several recent issues of the targeted journal.
3. Start writing. When writing the first draft, the goal is to put something down on paper, so it does not matter if sentences are incomplete and the grammar incorrect, provided that the main points and ideas have been captured. Write when your energy is high, not when you are tired. Try to find a time and place where you can think and write without distractions.
4. Write quickly. Don't worry about words, spelling or punctuation at all at this stage, just ideas. Keep going. Leave gaps if necessary. Try to write quickly, to keep the flow going. Use abbreviations and leave space for words that do not come to mind immediately.
5. Write in your own voice. Expressing yourself in your own way will help you to say what you mean more precisely. It will be easier for your reader if they can “hear” your voice.
6. Write without editing. Don't try to get it right the first time. Resist the temptation to edit as you go. Otherwise, you will tend to get stuck and waste time. If you try to write and edit at the same time, you will do neither well.
7. Keep to the plan of your outline. Use the headings from your outline to focus what you want to say. If you find yourself wandering from the point, stop and move on to the next topic in the outline.
8. Write the paper in parts. Don't attempt to write the whole manuscript at once, instead, treat each section as a mini essay. Look at your notes, think about the goal of that particular section and what you want to accomplish and say.
9. Put the first draft aside. Put aside your first draft for at least one day. The idea of waiting a day or more is to allow you to "be" another person. It is difficult to proofread and edit your own work; a day or more between creation and critique helps.
10. Revise it. Revise it and be prepared to do this several times until you feel it is not possible to improve it further. The objective is to look at your work not as its author, but as a respectful but stern critic. Does each sentence make sense? In your longer sentences, can you keep track of the subject at hand? Do your longer paragraphs follow a single idea, or can they be broken into smaller paragraphs? These are some of the questions you should ask yourself.
11. Revise for clarity and brevity. Revise sentences and paragraphs with special attention to clearness. For maximum readability, most sentences should be about 15-20 words. For a scientific article, paragraphs of about 150 words in length are considered optimal. Avoid using unnecessary words.
12. Be consistent. Often a manuscript has more than one author and therefore the writing may be shared. However, the style needs to be consistent throughout. The first author must go through the entire manuscript and make any necessary editorial changes before submitting the manuscript to the journal.
五、英语科技论文写作应该注意
以下从大的方面讲几条应该注意的地方。最关键的是要学好语法，它是写作的基础（博士生们体会比较深，一般同学对语法是不重视的，所以写出的句子错误百出）。只要掌握了科技英语语法的核心内容，写出的句子一般问题就不大了。
一、单句写作（这是最重要的，因为单句写好了，就可以与外国人进行交流了。）
The volume of this machine is very small.×
The size of this machine is very small. (正确)
This machine is very small in size. (地道)
同样，“这些设备体积很不相同。”
The sizes of these devices are quite different. (正确)
These devices differ greatly in size. (地道)
“这个仪器的特点是体积小、重量轻。”
The features of this instrument are small size and light weight. (正确)
This instrument is characterized by its small size and light weight. (地道)
论文中的句子经常出错的主要方面：
1、用词（wording）
如：“实验结果”写成了“experiment results”，而英美人习惯用“experimental results”；“理论分析”写成了“theory analysis”而应该用“theoretical analysis”；“中期报告”写成了“middle report”而应该用“interim report”；“电流是用安培来度量的。”写成了“Current is measured with ampere.”而应该写成“Current is measured in amperes.”等等。
2、词汇搭配（word collocations）
如：“无线电波朝四面八方传播。”写成了“Radio waves travel toward all directions.”而应该为“Radio waves travel in all directions.”
“图1画出了输出随输入的变化情况。”写成了“Fig. 1 draws the case of output varying with input.”而应该写成“Fig. 1 shows the variation of output with input.”
“为了提高我们产品的质量”写成了“in order to raise the equality of our products”而应该写成 “in order to improve the quality of our products”。
3、句型（sentence patterns）
“磁铁能吸引铁质物质，这是大家所熟悉的一种现象。”写成了“Magnets attract iron materials, and this is a familiar phenomenon which is familiar to all.”英美科技人员喜欢把它写成“Magnets attract iron materials, a familiar phenomenon.”这里，用了一个名词短语作前面整个句子的同位语来代替了由“and”连接的一个并列分句。
二、科技英语写作的主要特点 Main features of scientific writing:
1. long but simple sentences by often using phrases instead of clauses
2. compact instead of loose
3. sentence patterns preferred by scientists and engineers
4. impersonal expressions (so passive voice is widely used)
1、广泛使用被动句
如“我们想要把这个函数展开成傅氏级数。”往往写成“It is desired to develop this function into a Fourier series.”（当然我们也可使用主动句“We wish to develop …”）。又如：
“当时人们认识到了光是一种电磁波。”应写成“It was realized at that time that light is a kind of electromagnetic wave.”一般不要写成“People realized at that time that …”。
2、句子比较冗长
如：“本文论述了一种新的算法，它能够减少计算量。”写成了“This paper presents a new algorithm. This algorithm can lead to the reduction in the amount of computation.”我们可以把它改写成“This paper presents a new algorithm, which can lead to the reduction in the amount of computation.”又如：“本文介绍了一种新的CAD设计方法, 重点放在其基本原理上。”被写成“This paper introduces a new CAD method and emphasis is put on its basic principles.”可改成“This paper introduces a new CAD method, with emphasis on its basic principles.”
3、在可能的情况下，应该使句子简练
如：“由于计算机运算准确、速度快，所以它们广泛地使用在各个领域。”在普通英语中一般被写成“Because computers are accurate in operation and high in speed, they are widely used in every field.”在科技文中常写成: “Accurate in operation and high in speed, computers are widely used in every field.”
***Some Examples for Mistake Correction or Improvement
1. 这种新方法与现有的方法相比具有简单、可靠的优点。
Comparing with the present methods, this kind of new method has the
advantages of simplicity、reliability.
This new method has the advantages over those available [the existing ones] of simplicity and reliability [that it is simple and reliable].
2. 该模型成功地解释了基区表面电流随栅流变化的实验曲线。
The model successfully explains the experiment curves of the base surface current varying with the gate current.
The model explains successfully the experimental curves of the variation of the base surface current with the gate current. [ … curves of the base surface current against [versus] the gate current.]
3. 本文将RELAX算法从数据域推广到相关域。
This paper extends the RELAX algorithm from data domain to correlation domain.
The paper deals with the extension of the RELAX algorithm from ….
4. 如果偏置电路设计不当，LC振荡器就会出现间歇震荡。
If the bias circuit does not design good, the LC oscillator will occur chopping oscillations.
If the bias circuit is not designed well [properly] (If the bias circuit is of poor design), chopping oscillations will take place [result; appear; occur] in the LC oscillator.
A poor [An improper] design of the bias circuit will lead to [result in; bring about; give rise to; cause] chopping oscillations in the LC oscillations.
5. 如果把A代入B中，我们就得到C。
If A is substituted in B, we get C.
Substituting A in [into] B, we have [get; obtain] C.
Substituting A in [into] B (Substitution of A in [into] B) gives [yields; produces; results in; leads to] C.
6. 这个方法需要精确的定位，这就使得它的实现具有一定的难度。
This method requires accurate location and this makes its realization have a little difficulty.
This method requires accurate location, (thus) making [ which makes] its realization somewhat difficult.
7. 共有M个多边形，其每个顶点数均为N。
There are M polygons in all, whose vertex number is all N.
There are M polygons in all [altogether], the number of vertexes of each of which is N [each of which has N vertexes].
8. 对构件承载能力作了具体的分析。
The detailed analysis on the ability of bearing loads of the components is given.
A detailed analysis of the ability of the components to carry loads is made.
*** The ability of a body to do work is called energy.
9. 这是由于在PN结上存在一个电容之故。
This is due to that there exists a capacitance on the PN junction.
This is due to the fact that there exists a capacitance across the PN junction. [This is due to the existence of a capacitance across the PN junction.]
10. 我们只需要测量这个元件上的电流和电压。
We need only to measure the current and voltage on this component.
All we need to do is (to) measure the current through and the voltage across this component.
11. 同时给出了三轴稳定跟踪的数学描述及全补偿条件。
The mathematical description and the full-compensation condition of the 3-axes steady-tracking principle are also given.
A mathematical description of and the full-compensation condition for the 3-axis steady-tracking principle are also given.
12. 这位教授在研究和应用图像处理方面起了重要作用。
This professor played the important role in the research and application of image processing.
This professor has played a very important role in the research on and the application of image processing.
13. 最后提出了实现这种方法应注意的一些问题和解决办法。
At last [In the end], we provided some problems that should be noted in implementing this method and solving ways.
Finally, some problems that deserve to be noted in implementing this method and their solutions are given.
14. 本文提出了估算多普勒调频率的一种新方法，其精度高、计算量少。
A new technique to estimate the Doppler frequency rate is proposed with high accuracy and low computation complexity.
A new technique for estimating the Doppler frequency rate is proposed which gives a high accuracy and requires a small amount of computation.
15. 这个信号所包含的信息量比那个信号多三倍。
The information contained in [by] this signal is three times more than that signal.
The information contained in [by] this signal is four times more than that contained in [by] that signal.
This signal contains four times more information than that one (does).
*** China has several times as large an area as France (does).
16. 其余的[剩下的]问题以后再讨论。
The rest problems will be discussed later.
The remaining [remainder] problems (The rest of the problems) will be discussed later.
17. 其它两个问题将在后面加以详细论述。
The other two problems will be discussed in detail later.
The two other problems will be discussed in detail later.
iron and steel; plants and animals; the northeast; the advance world level; a new kind [type; sort; form; set; pair; piece] of …
18. 半导体对光和热很敏感，这两者都对导电率影响很大。
Semiconductors are very sensitive to light and heat, and both the factors effect their conductivity greatly.
Semiconductors are very sensitive to light and heat, both of which have a great effect on their conductivities.
19. 用这种方法所导出的数学模型证明是简单而实用的，从而为最佳设计创造了良好的条件。
The mathematical model derived in this method is proved to be simple and practical so that good conditions for making optical designs are created.
The mathematical model derived by this method proves to be simple and practical, thus creating good conditions for making optimal designs.
20. 电容器是用绝缘体分开的两个导体所组成的一种器件。
Capacitor is a device consisted of two conductors which are separated by a insulator.
A capacitor is a device consisting of two conductors separated by an insulator.
consist of; result from; arise from; act as; …
occur; emerge; exist; …
21. 然后出现了盲速问题。
Then a problem arising, blind speed.
Then the problem of blind speed arises.
22. 我们通常使用像电阻器、电容器、电感器等元件。
We commonly use such components as resistors, capacitors, inductors and etc..
We commonly use such components as resistors, capacitors, inductors, etc.
23. 由于计算机运算精确、速度快，所以在各个领域得到了广泛的应用。
Because computers are accurate in operation and high in speed, they found wide application in all fields.
Accurate in operation and high in speed, computers have found wide applications in all fields.
24. 本文介绍了一种测温新方法，重点放在其基本原理上。
This paper presented a new measuring-temperature method and the focus is put on its basic principles.
This paper presents [introduces] a new temperature measuring method, with emphasis on its basic principles.
25. 西安电子科技大学是全国的一所重点大学，它创建于1931年。
XidianUniversity is one of the national key universities in China and it was founded in 1931.
Founded in 1931, XidianUniversity is one of the national key universities in China.
One of the national key universities in China, XidianUniversity was founded in 1931.
26. 交流电能转换成直流电，这一过程称为整流。
AC can be changed into DC, this process is called rectification.
AC can be changed into [to] DC, a process called rectification.
In every atom in a normal state, the number of protons is equal to the number of electrons, a fact [something] that is directly related to the electrical properties of the proton and the electron.
27. 在设计英特网时并没有考虑安全问题。
When the Internet was designed, safety was not considered.
The Internet was designed without safety in mind.
28. 由于变压器重量重、价格昂贵，所以如果把它们从电路中去掉的话就可以节省许多费用。
Since transformers are heavy and expensive, a lot of money will be saved if they are eliminated from the circuits.
Since transformers are heavy and expensive, their elimination from the circuits will lead to [result in] considerable savings.
29. 如果信号太大，就会引起失真。
If the signal is too large, distortion will result.
Too large a signal will result in distortion.
30. 由于太空中没有大气，所以科学家可以在那儿制造纯的药物。
Since there is no atmosphere in space, it would be possible for scientists to make pure drugs there.
Absence of [No] atmosphere in space would enable scientists to make pure drugs there.
六、撰写个人简历所需词汇（中英文对照）
1、A Useful Glossary for Personal Qualities
able 有才干的，能干的 active 主动的，活跃的 adaptable 适应性强的 adroit 灵巧的，机敏的
aggressive 有进取心的 alert 机灵的 ambitious 有雄心壮志的 amiable 和蔼可亲的
amicable 友好的 analytical 善于分析的 apprehensive 有理解力的 aspiring 有志气的，有抱负的
audacious 大胆的，有冒险精神的 capable 有能力的，有才能的 careful 办理仔细的 candid 正直的
charitable 宽厚的 competent能胜任的 confident 有信心的 conscientious 认真的，自觉的
considerate 体贴的 constructive 建设性的 contemplative 好沉思的 cooperative 有合作精神的
creative 富创造力的 dashing 有一股子冲动劲的，有拼搏精神的 dedicated 有奉献精神的
devoted 有献身精神的 dependable 可靠的 diplomatic 老练的，有策略的 disciplined 守纪律的
discreet （在行动、说话等方面）谨慎的 dutiful 尽职的 dynamic 精悍的 earnest 认真的
well－educated 受过良好教育的 efficient 有效率的 energetic 精力充沛的 enthusiastic 充满热情的
expressivity 善于表达 faithful 守信的，忠诚的 forceful （性格）坚强的 frank直率的，真诚的
friendly 友好的 frugal 俭朴的 generous 宽宏大量 genteel有教养的 gentle 有礼貌的
hard－working 勤劳的 hearty 精神饱满的 honest 诚实的 hospitable 殷勤的 humble 恭顺的
humorous 有幽默 impartial 公正的 independent 有主见的 industrious 勤奋的 ingenious 有独创性的 initiative 首创精神 have an inquiring mind爱动脑筋 intellective 有智力的 intelligent 理解力强的
inventive有发明才能，有创造力的 just 正直的 kind－hearted 好心的 knowledgeable 有见识的
learned 精通某门学问的 liberal 心胸宽大的 logical 条理分明的 loyal 忠心耿耿的 methodical 有方法的 modest 谦虚的 motivated 目的明确的 objective 客观的 open－minded 虚心的 orderly 守纪律的 original 有独创性的 painstaking 辛勤的，苦干的，刻苦的 practical 实际的 precise 一丝不苟的 persevering 不屈不挠的 punctual 严守时刻的 purposeful 意志坚强的 qualified 合格的 rational 有理性的 realistic 实事求是的 reasonable 讲道理的 reliable 可信赖的 responsible 负责的 self－conscious 自觉的 selfless 无私的 sensible 明白事理的 sincere 真诚的 smart 精明的 spirited 生气勃勃的 sporting 光明正大的 steady 踏实的 straightforward 老实的 strict 严格的 systematic 有系统的 strong－willed 意志坚强的 sweet－tempered 性情温和的 temperate 稳健的 tireless 孜孜不倦的
2、个人资料 A Useful Glossary for Personal Data
name 姓名 alias 别名 pen name 笔名 date of birth 出生日期 birth date 出生日期 born 生于 birthplace 出生地点 birthday 生日 age 年龄 native place 籍贯 province 省 city 市 autonomous region 自治区 prefecture专区 county县 nationality 民族国籍 citizenship 国籍 duel citizenship 双重国籍 address 地址 current address 目前住址 present address 目前住址 permanent address 永久住址 postal code 邮政编码 home phone 住宅电话 office phone 办公电话 Tel.电话 Mobile 手机
E－mail 邮箱 ext.分机 sex 性别 male 男 female 女 Mr.先生 Miss 小姐 Mrs.太太 Ms (小姐或太太) height 身高 cm. 厘米 ft. 英尺 in 英寸 weight 体重 kg 公斤 lbs 磅 marital status 婚姻状况 family status 家庭状况 married 已婚 single 未婚 unmarried 未婚 divorced 离异 separated 分居 number of children 子女人数 none 无 street 街 lane 胡同，巷 road 路 district 区 Floor 楼层 tower A A 座 Mansion 大厦 house number 门牌 health 健康状况 blood type 血型 excellent （身体）极佳 strong 强壮 short－sighted 近视 far－sighted 远视 color－blind 色盲 ID card 身份证 No. 号码 date of availability 可到职时间 available 可到职 membership 会员、资格 president 会长 director 理事 standing director 常务理事 secretary－general 秘书长 society 学会 association 协会 research society 研究会
3、工作经历 A Useful Glossary for Work Experience
work experience 工作经历 work history 工作经历 occupational history 工作经历 professional 职业经历 employment history 工作经历 experience 经历 business experience 工作经历 specific experience 具体经历 employment record 工作经历 business history 工作经历 position 职位 job title 职位 duties 职责 responsibilities 职责 second job 第二职业 achievements 工作成就，业绩 administer 管理 assist 辅助 adapted to 适应于 accomplish 完成（任务等） appointed 被任命的 adapt in 善于 analyze 分析 authorized 委任的；核准的 behave 表现 break the record 打破记录 control 控制 reakthrough 惊人的进展，关键问题的解决 conduct 经营，处理 cost 成本；费用 create 创造 demonstrate 证明，示范 decrease 减少 design 设计 develop 开发，发挥 devise 设计，发明 direct 指导 double 加倍，翻一番 earn 获得，赚取 effect 效果，作用 eliminate 消除 enlarge 扩大 enrich 使丰富 exploit开发（资源，产品） enliven 搞活 establish 设立（公司等）；使开业；确立 evaluation 估价，评价 执行实行，实施 expand 推广；扩大 expedite 加快；促进 export 出口 import 进口 found 创立 generate 产生 guide 指导；操纵 implement 完成，实施 improve 改进，提高 increase 增加 influence 影响 initiate 创始，开创 introduce 采用，引进 innovate 改革，革新 inspired 受启发的；受鼓舞的 install 安装 invest 投资 integrate 使结合；使一体化 invent 发明 justified 经证明的；合法化的 launch 开办（新企业） lead 领导 lengthen 延长 lessen 减少（生产成本） level 水平 localize 使地方化 manage 管理，经营 make 制造 maintain 保持；维修 manufacture 制造 modernize 使现代化 mastered 精通的 motivate 促进，激发 negotiate 谈判 nominated 被提名的；被任命的 operate 操作，开动（机器等），经营（厂矿） originate 创始，发明 organize 组织 overcome 克服（困难等） participate in 参加 perfect 使完善；改善 perform 执行，履行 plan 计划 promote 生产，制造 profit 利润 promote 推销（商品）；创立（企业等） be promoted to 被提升为 be proposed as 被提名为；被推荐为 provide 提供，供应 raise 提高 reach 达到 realize 实现（目标等）；获得（利润） receive 收到，得到，接受 reckon 计算（成本等） recognize 认清（职责等） recommended 被推荐的；被介绍的 reconsolidate 重新巩固；重新整顿 reconstruct 重建 recorded 记载的 recover 恢复；弥补 rectify 整顿，调整 redouble 加倍，倍增 reduce 减少，降低（成本等） refine 精练，精制 reform 改革 registered 已注册的 regenerate 更新，使更生 regularize 使系统化 regulate 控制（费用等） reinforce 加强 renew 重建，换新 renovate 革新；修理 repair 修复，修补 replace 接替，替换 representative 代表，代理人 research 调查，研究 resolve 解决 set 创造（纪录等） settle 解决（问题等） shorten 减低......效能 show 显示,表明 significant 重要的,有效的 simplify 简化,精简 sort out 清理 speed up 加速 sponsor 主办 spread 传播,扩大 solve 解决 standard 标准,规格 streamline 把......设计流线型 strengthen 加强,巩固 supervise 监督,管理 supply 供给,满足(需要) systematize 使系统化 target 目标,指标 test 试验,检验 top 头等的,最高的 total 总数,总额 translate 翻译,转化 travel 旅行 well－trained 训练有素的 type 打字 unify 使成一体,统一 use 使用，运用 utilize 利用 valuable 有价值的 useful 有用的 verify 证实,证明 vivify 使活跃 work 工作,起作用 worth 使......钱的,有......价值的
4、教育程度 A Useful Glossary for Educational Background
education 学历 educational background 教育程度 educational history 学历 curriculum 课程 major 主修 minor 副修 educational highlights 课程重点部分 curriculum included 课程包括 specialized courses 专门课程 courses taken 所学课程 courses completed 所学课程 special training 特别训练
social practice 社会实践 part－time jobs 业余工作 summer jobs 暑期工作 vacation jobs 假期工作
刷新 extracurricular activities 体育活动 recreational activities娱乐活动 academic activities 学术活动
social activities 社会活动 rewards 奖励 scholarship 奖学金 student council 学生会 off－job training 脱产培训 in－job training 在职培训 educational system 学制 academic year 学年 semester 学期（美） term 学期（英） president 校长 vice－president 副校长 academic dean 教务员 department chairman 系主任 professor 教授 associate professor 副教授 guest professor 客座教授
lecturer 讲师 teaching assistant 助教 research fellow 研究员 research assistant 助理研究员
supervisor 论文导师 dean of students 教务长 dean of students 教导主任 probation teacher 代课教师 tutor 家庭教师 governess 女家庭教师 intelligence quotient 智商 pass 及格 fail 不及格 marks 分数 grades 分数 scores 分数 goals examination 考试 grade 年级 class 班级 monitor 班长 degree 学位 post doctorate 博士后 doctor (Ph.D) 博士 master 硕士 bachelor 学士 student 学生 graduate student 研究生 abroad student 留学生 returned student 回国留学生 foreign student 外国留学生 undergraduate 大学肄业生；（尚未取得学位的）大学生 senior 大学四年级学生；高中三年级学生
Junior 大学三年级学生；高中二年级学生 sophomore 大学二年级学生；高中一年级学生
freshman大学一年级学生 guest student 旁听生（英） auditor 旁听生（美） government－supported student 公费生 commoner 自费生 extern 走读生 day－student 走读生 intern 实习生 prize fellow 奖学金生 boarder 寄宿生 classmate 同班同学 schoolmate 同校同学 graduate 毕业生
5、系别名称
会计系 Dept. of Accounting 农业系 Dept．of Agriculture 农业经济系 Dept．of Agricultural Economics
农业化学系 Dept．of Agricultural Chemistry 农业工程系 Dept．of Agricultural Engineering
畜牧系 Dept．of Animal Husbandry 人类学系 Dept．of Anthropology 应用数学系 Dept．of Applied Mathematics 建筑系 Dept. of Architecture 考古学系 Dept．of Archaeology 天文系 Dept．of Astronomy 原子能系 Dept．of Atomic Energy 解剖系 Dept. of Anatomy 金融系 Dept．of Banking
工商管理系 Dept．of Business Administration 生物学系 Dept．of Biology 生物化学系 Dept．of Biochemistry 植物学系 Dept．of Botany 细菌学系 Dept．of Bacteriology 中文系 Dept．of Chinese
化学系 Dept．of Chemistry 化学工程系 Dept．of Chemical Engineering 控制工程系 Dept. of Control Engineering 电信工程系 Dept. of Communication Engineering 计算机科学系 Dept．of Computer Science
电脑资讯系 Dept．of Computer Information 土木工程系 Dept．of Civil Engineering 舞蹈系 Dept. of Dance 牙科学系 Dept．of Dentistry 营养学系 Dept．of Dietetics 外交学系 Dept．of Diplomacy
经济系 Dept．of Economics 教育系 Dept．of Education 工业设计系 Dept. of Industrial Design
工程系 Dept．of Engineering 环境工程系 Dept．of Environmental Engineering 英语系 Dept. of English
昆虫系 Dept．of Entomology 电子物理系 Dept．of Electrophysics 电子工程系 Dept．of Electronic Engineering 电机工程系 Dept．of Electrical Engineering 眼耳鼻喉系 Dept. of Eye, Ear, Nose and Throat
渔业学系 Dept．of Fishery 水产学系 Dept．of Fishery Technology 食品科学系 Dept．of Food Science
外语系 Dept. of Foreign Languages 森林系 Dept．of Forestry 遗传系 Dept．of Genetics 地理系 Dept．of Geography 地质系 Dept. of Geology 地球物理系 Dept．of Geophysics 历史系 Dept．of History 园艺系 Dept．of Horticulture 国际关系学系Dept．of International Relations 国际贸易系 Dept. of International Trade 工业管理系 Dept．of Industrial Management 新闻学系 Dept. of Journalism
法律系 Dept．of Law 图书管理系 Dept．of Library Management 文学系 Dept．of Literature
机械工程系 Dept．of Mechanical Engineering 冶金系 Dept．of Metallurgy 管理科学系 Dept．of Management Science 大众传播系 Dept．of Mass Communication 医学系 Dept．of Medical Science
海洋运输学系Dept．of Marine Transportation 航海技术系 Dept．of Maritime Technology 数学系 Dept．of Mathematics 气象系 Dept．of Meteorology 矿业系 Dept．of Mining 核子工程系 Dept．of Nuclear Engineering 护理系 Dept．of Nursing 海学系 Dept．of Navigation 海洋科学系 Dept．of Nautical Science 造船学系 Dept．of Naval Architecture 东方语言系 Dept．of Oriental languages 海洋学系 Dept．of Oceanography 海洋气象学系Dept. of Ocean Meteorology 石油系 Dept．of Oil 药学系 Dept．of Pharmacology 病理学系 Dept．of Pathology 政治系 Dept．of Political Science 物理系 Dept．of Physics 体育系 Dept．of Physical Culture 生理学系 Dept．of Physiology 植物病虫学系Dept．of Plant Pathology 植物生理系 Dept．of Plant Physiology 哲学系 Dept. of Philosophy 电力物理系 Dept．of Power Physics 印刷系 Dept．of Printing 公共卫生学系Dept．of Public Health 卫生工程学系Dept．of Sanitary Engineering 土壤系 Dept. of Soil 纺织系 Dept．of Spinning 社会学系 Dept．of Sociology
测量系 Dept．of Survey 纺织工程系 Dept．of Textile Engineering 戏剧系 Dept．of Theatricals
运输管理系 Dept．of Transportation Management 兽医学系 Dept. of Veterinary Medicine
水利系 Dept. of Water Conservancy 水土保持系 Dept. of Water & Soil Maintenance Engineering
西方语言系 Dept. of Western Languages 动物学系 Dept．of Zoology
七、附录：其它
Idle young, needy old. 少壮不努力，老大徒伤悲。 Homer sometimes nods. 智者千虑，必有一失 Art is long; life is short. 学海无涯，人生苦短。
Like father, like son. 有其父必有其子。 Nothing venture, nothing have. 不入虎穴，焉得虎子。 Accidents will happen. 天有不测风云，人有旦夕祸福。
Bad news travels fast. (好事不出门)，恶事传千里。 Look before you leap. 三思而后行。 Waste not, want not. 细水长流。 Time flies. 光阴似箭，日月如梭。
Seeing is believing 百闻不如一见。 Practice makes perfect. 熟能生巧。
Let sleeping dogs lie. 勿惹事生非。 Love is blind. 爱是盲目的。
Health is wealth. 健康即财富。 Haste makes waste. 欲速则不达。
Knowledge is power. 知识即力量。 Once bitten, twice shy. 一朝被蛇咬, 十年怕井绳。 I think; therefore, I am. 我思故我在。 Murder will out. 若要人不知，除非已莫为。 No cross, no crown. 不受苦中苦，难得甜中甜。 Walls have ears. 隔墙有耳。 New brooms sweeps clean. 新官上任三把火。 Time waits for no man. 时不我待。 Silence is gold. 沉默是金。 Silence gives consent. 沉默即同意。
First Come, first served. 先到是君，后到是臣 (捷足先登)。 Exchange is no robbery. 一个愿打，一个愿挨。 Better bend than break. 委曲求全。 Care killed a cat. 忧能伤人。 Spare the rod and spoil the child. 不打不成器。玉不琢不成器。 Time is money. 一刻千金。 Times change 时过境迁。 There is no place like home. 在家千日好，出门时时难。 Blood is thicker than water. 血浓于水。 Well begun is half done 好的开始是成功的一半。 There is honor among thieves. 盗亦有道。 Easier said than done 说来容易做来难。 East or west, home is best. 金窝，银窝，不如自己的狗窝。 Easy come, easy go. 来得容易去得快。 People will talk. 人们会说长道短。 Patience is a virtue. 小不忍而乱大谋。
网站地图
党的建设
